The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body. Start studying digestive system. secreated by pancreatic acinar cells adn prevents trypsinogen from autocatalyzing formation of trypsin. Start studying Chapter 14: Digestive System (Physiology). Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the system, where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital … 4 - the integumentary system: Do you know the functions of the skin? It is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. bile is mixed with the food in the small intestine. layer that faces the lumen of the GI tract, lies beneath mucosa and is comprised of CT containing blood vessels and embedded submucosal glands, lies beneath the submucosal plexus and is composed of a thick layer of smooth muscle fibers oriented perpendicular to long axis of GI tract, participates in mixing, propulsion, and gating of GI contents, lies beneath circular smooth muscle layer and is composed of nerves that innervate circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers and submucosal plexus, lies beneath submucosa and contains nerves that innervate nearby mucosal muscle and epithelial cells of mucosa, lies beneath myenteric plexus and is made of layer of smooth muscle, facilitate mixing and propulsion of GI contents, lies beneath longitudinal smooth muscle and is an outer epithelial and connective tissue membrane that makes up the inner lining of the peritoneal cavity, where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons located, originate witithin submucosal and myenteric plexuses, what do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release, what are the targets of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, what activity is promoted by parasympathetic nervous system in enteric system, promotes digestive processes such as mixing, propulsion, and secretion, where do sympathetic postganglionic neurons originate, within the celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric ganglia, what NT does sympathetic postganglionic neurons release, what are the targets for postganglionic sympathetic neurons, what activity does the sympathetic nervous system promote in the enteric system, substances that are released from endocrine cells, enter circulation, and act distantly, substances released from endocrine cells and diffuse locally to act on nearby targets, substances synthesized in cell bodies of enteric neurons and are released from varicosities directly onto target tissues, stimulates anorexigenic neurions to increase satiety, when increased blood levels of glucose or other nutrients, it stimulates anorexigenic neurons to increase satiety, stimulates orexigenic neurons to increase appetite, what tissues are perfused by the splanchnic ciruclation, what factors increase blood flow in splanchnic circulation, what factors decrease blood flow in splanchnic circulation, deliver water and nutrients and vitamins to the body, what are the major processes of the GI tract, what is another term for submucosal plexus, what does the submucosal plexus innervate, mucosal muscle and epithelial cells of the mucosa, circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers, what layers must nutrients go through to reach capillaries, the enteric nervous system is located wholly in the, the enteric nervous system can direct GI processes in the absences of, what are the major innervating nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system, where are the postganglionic cell bodies located in the parasympathetic system, the epithelial cells of the mucosa are responsible for, what type of receptor cells are located in the mucosa, what type or receptors in the mucosa are connected to afferent neurons, preganglionic neurons from the parasympathetic system originate in the, reflex involving both afferents and efferents within vagus nerve, afferent (mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors), what percentage of vagal fibers modulate smooth muscle and glandular activity, sympathetic postganglionic fibers arise in the, the sympathetic system as a _____ mix of afferent and efferent fibers, what are the main two neurotransmitters in the enteric system, how many neurotransmitters are normally secreted by enteric neurons, pathway that hormones take when made in the GI tract, activity causes increase appetite and decreased satiety, causes increased satiety or decreased hunger, what hormone is more important in long term control of hunger/ satiety, what hormone is more important in short term control of hunger/satiety, venous blood flows into the liver and mixes in, there is a marked increase in splanchnic blood flow when, what are some vasodilators that are released during digestive processes, how does decreased local oxygen effect splanchnic blood flow, reflects increase in metabolism and increases blood flow in gut, how does parasympathetic effect blood flow in the splanchnic circulation, stimulate fibers in stomach and lower colon, what features are present in hepatic sinusoid blood, high in nutrient due to intestine absorption, oscillating membrane potentials in smooth muscle fibers that set the frequency of contractions, normal frequency of slow waves in stomach, duodenum and ileum, what frequency in the digestive system controls the frequency of contractions, what determines the force of contractions in digestive systems, bolus is pushed voluntarily to back of mouth, bolus moved through pharynx into esophagus, bolus moved from esophagus into the stomach, peristaltic constrictor waves that increase in strength as they move toward the antrum, periodic contractions (every 90 minutes) that occur during fasating to clear stomach of remaining chyme, what substances are emptied into the duodenum first, what factors slow emptying of substances into the duodenum, concentric contractions that occur simultaneously at intervals along small intestine, contractile waves that move along 3length of SI for about 3-5 cm in order to propel chyme forward, similar to mixing segmentation contractions in SI, propels feces relativly long distances in few minutes, two types of muscle tissue in the GI tract, describe unitary smooth muscle in GI tract, contains gap junctions that permit rapid spread of action potentials and subsequent coordinated contraction of large areas of smooth muscle tissue, where is the skeletal muscle in GI tract found, periodic contractions for mixing and propulsion, slow waves are though to be driven by oscillations in, the contractile force produced by slow waves is, weak but sufficient for some tonic contractions, slow waves allow what type of contractions, long contractions to provide tone by allowing calcium to enter cells, pacemaker cells in the myenteric plexus that initiate slow waves, when norepinephrine activates alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle what occurs, when norepinephrine activates beta 2 adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle what occurs, generally when acetylcholine release from parasympathetic fibers is considered, what areas does norepinephrine cause contraction, extrinsic modulation on smooth muscle fibers controls the, production and frequency of action potentials, action potentials in smooth muscle fibers produce what type of muscle contractions, the greater the action potential frequency the, when bolus of food in mouth causes reflex inhibition (from brainstem) of the muscles of lower jaw, motor circuits originating in motor cortex can override and control skeletal muscle activity that produces chewing, sensory afferents are mechanoreceptos around opening of pharynx, mechanoreceptors near opening of pharynx detect bolus, does the esophageal phase require sensory input, how long does it take for the bolus to move through esophagus and into the stomach, describe LES relaxation via vagovagal reflex, mechanoreceptors detect stretch of esophageal wall and signal reflex relaxation of LES and orad stomach, inhibition of smooth muscle contraction in the esophageal phase is mediated by the release of, VIP from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, distension of the esophageal wall if all of the bolus is not moved into the stomach by primary peristaltic wave, reflexes mediated by the enteric nervous system (myenteric plexus), eliminates primary peristalsis, LES relaxation, and receptive relaxation, how does low intraesophageal pressure present a problem, because it is equal to thoracic pressure which is below atmospheric pressure and abdominal pressure, what is the pressure at the midpoint of the esophagus normally, what factors promote gastroesophageal reflux, the mixture of gastric fluid and food that is passed to the gut, when chyme reaches the pylorus they often cause contraction of the pyloric valve so that chyme is deflected back into the stomach, the mixing contractions are powerful enough such that the constrictor waves are able to, push small particles within the chyme through the pylorus, the pylorus is usually open enough to allow, fluids and small particles 1mm3 to pass through, migrating myoelectric complexes occur every, migrating myoelectric complexes are mediated by the action of, factors that increase the force of mixing in the stomach, parasympathetic stimulation using acetylcholine, gastrin, and motilin, factors decreasing the force of mixing in the stomach, sympathetic stimulation via norepinephrine, secretin, and GIP, neural reflexes inhibit gastric emptying into the duodenum, hormonal reflexes that decrease the force of mixing in the stomach, response to the presence of lipids by CCK release, why does acidity inhibit gastric emptying, so that the chyme must be slowly added to the duodenum in order for pancreatic fluid, bile, and intestinal secretions to neutralize the chyme, what pH is required for the digestive enzymes to work, why does the presence of lipids reduce gastric emptying, because lipids require substantial time for digestion, why does the fluid in the duodenum need to be isotonic, to prevent disturbance of electrochemical gradients controlled by epithelial surface transporters, to mix chyme with secretions and digestive enzymes, what sets the frequency and strength of segmentation contractions, frequency is set by the intrinsic slow wave frequency, chyme moves at what rate in the small intestines, how long does it take for chyme to get out of the small intestine, what produces reflex peristalsis in small intestine, how long will chyme stay at the ileocecal valve, several hours until the gastroileal reflex elicits strong peristalsis in the ileum, how does the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle act behind the bollus, infectious diarrhea often triggers powerful and rapid, peristalsis such that chyme can travel long distances with small intestine in minutes, reverse peristalsis begins in small intestine, where are afferents of the vomiting reflex located, the efferents from the vomiting center go where, they project to the small intestine and upper GI tract mostly through the vagus nerve, what are the contents of the colon called, gates the movement of chyme into the cecum and prevents the backflow of feces into the ileum, normally the ileocecal valve is mildly constricted to allow slow movement of chyme into the cecum, haustral contractions are responsible for, how many hours does it take to move feces through the colon using haustral contractions, when is the most common time for mass movements, what condition produces persistent mass movements, local reflexes afferents/ efferents within the GI wall and those that project to and from the sacral spine (parasympathetics via pelvic nerves), what area of the brain controls the external anal spinchter, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, sensation of food in esophagus, impared peristalsis in distal 2/3 esophagus and failure of LES to relax, buffers acid in food and stabilize elctrochemical gradients across the gut wall, antibacterial enzyme that damages cell walls, conditioning to stimuli associated with food, list constiuents of gastric fluid and what cells each is released from, denature proteins (unfolding and exposing for digestion, glycoprotein needed for transporting vitamin B12 to ileum where it is absorbed, cleaved to its active form pepsin in acidic enviornment of stomach, peptide hormone that stimulates parietal cells to increase HCl secretion, both work together to protect gastric mucosa from HCl, what substances stimulate gastric HCl secretion, for digesting starch, proteins and lipids, buffer acid and stabilize electrochemical gradient across gut wall, what stimulates the release of pancreatic fluids, emulsify lipids and form micelles needed for absorption of most lipids, buffer acid in chyme and stabilize electrochemical gradient across gut wall, which cells modify fluid secreted by acinar cells, modified epithelial cells with contractile filaments that are located in the acini ducts, epithelial cells that line salivary gland ducts, as saliva moves through the duct what electrolytes get moved, NaCl gets reabsorbed (moves out of saliva), What is greater the NaCl reabsorption or the KHCO3 secretion, an increase in salivary flow rate producees an, high flow rate means acinar fluid has less contact time with ductal cells as it flows past, what explains the change in HCO3 during increased salivary rate, sympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands provide, minimal stimulation of salivary secretion, parsympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands strongly, stimulate production and secretion of saliva, it is a muscarinic receptor agonist and blocks the action of acetylcholine, vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia, what stimulates the release of pepsinogen, parasympathetic activity and low pH conditions, where are the G cells located in the stomach, secreted across basolateral membrane and enters bloodstream. 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