Since the autumn of 1914, he had insisted that "from the standpoint of the working class and of the labouring masses the lesser evil would be the defeat of the Tsarist Monarchy"; the war must be turned into a civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments, and if a proletarian victory should emerge from this in Russia, then their duty would be to wage a revolutionary war for the liberation of the masses throughout Europe. Russian troops stopped retreating, and there were even some modest successes in the offensives that were staged that year, albeit at great loss of life. Comprar libro completo al MEJOR PRECIO nuevo o segunda mano en Casa del Libro México Nicholas ignored these warnings and Russia's Tsarist regime collapsed a few months later during the February Revolution of 1917. "Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii" ["Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police"], October 1916, Krasnyi arkhiv 17 (1926), 4–35 (quotation 4). The Soviet soon proved that it had greater authority than the Provisional Government, which sought to continue Russia’s participation in the European war. It began during the First World War, with the February Revolution that was focused in and around the then-capital, Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). Why Was It Was The Main Cause Of The 1917 Revolution speech in reconvened Duma. [3], After the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers in October 1914, Russia was deprived of a major trade route to the Mediterranean Sea, which worsened the economic crisis and the munitions shortages. This was dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the Russian nobility and aristocracy. But before the masses took to the stage, a whole period had prepared the fall of Tsarism. "The historiography of the Russian revolution 100 years on. In August, poor and misleading communication led General Lavr Kornilov, the recently appointed Supreme Commander of Russian military forces, to believe that the Petrograd government had already been captured by radicals, or was in serious danger thereof. However, these tribunals did come with their own set of inefficiencies, such as responding to cases in a matter of months and not having a concrete definition of "counter-revolution" that was determined on a case-by-case basis. The Russian Revolution inspired other communist movements around the world in regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Blog. This was particularly apparent in the cities, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. It describes the dictator Joseph Stalin as a big Berkshire boar named, "Napoleon." Inevitably Vladimir Lenin, supported by Zinoviev and Radek, strongly contested them. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world. Georgi Plekhanov in Paris had adopted a violently anti-German stand, while Alexander Parvus supported the German war effort as the best means of ensuring a revolution in Russia. By autumn the Bolshevik program of “peace, land, and bread” had won the party considerable support among the hungry urban workers and the soldiers, who were already deserting from the ranks in large numbers. Major recent works that examine themes discussed above (and can serve as a guide to older scholarship) Christine Worobec, Among the many scholarly works on Russian workers, see especially. Although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war, hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government.[9][10][11]. Nicholas nominated his brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, to succeed him. How to increase brand awareness through consistency; Dec. 11, 2020 Petersburg and Moscow behind the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries, by September the Bolsheviks were in the majority in both cities. III. Closed on 24 June. Although return to Russia had become a possibility, the war made it logistically difficult. In the end, it gave the Russian people an entirely new form of government. [54] Today, Cuba is moving more towards Capitalism and a free-market economy, as the Center for Democracy in the Americas (CDA) believes Castro's policies during his rule fostered "an acceptance that market forces can play a role in economic policy and that economic growth must be the central criterion to judge economic success."[55]. Riots over the scarcity of food broke out in the capital, Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg), on February 24 (March 8), and, when most of the Petrograd garrison joined the revolt, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate March 2 (March 15). The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte's land reforms of the early 20th century. Russia's first major battle of the war was a disaster; in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured, while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties. As the war dragged on inconclusively, war-weariness gradually took its toll. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution, 1917. [24], The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917. THE REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1917 • What are the causes of the revolution of 1917? The Tsars of Russia were replaced first in February by a pair of co-existing revolutionary governments, one mainly liberal, one socialist, but after a period of confusion, a fringe socialist group lead by Lenin seized power in October and produced the world’s first socialist state. The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917 and concluding in 1923 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War. [23], The leaders of the Petrograd Soviet believed that they represented particular classes of the population, not the whole nation. Corrections? The Russian Revolution dramatically changed Russia from an autocracy to a communist system of government. [41] This ended the rebellions fairly quickly, causing many of the rebels to flee seeking political exile.[42]. ", This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 15:51. The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917. This timeline has been written and compiled by Alpha History authors. The Provisional Government was unable to countermand the order. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a pair of revolutions that changed the march of history. A committee of the Duma appointed a Provisional Government to succeed the autocracy, but it faced a rival in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. "April Days": mass demonstrations by workers, soldiers, and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister. Instead of restoring Russia's political and military standing, World War I led to the slaughter of Russian troops and military defeats that undermined both the monarchy and Russian society to the point of collapse. But it had shown the Tsar that he lacked a stable constituency. Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. For the sake of…, While Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey all survived their crises of 1917 and found the will and stamina for one last year of war, Russia succumbed. Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution. The elections to the State Duma 25 November 1917 therefore did not mirror the true political situation among peasants even if we don't know how the outcome would be if the anti-war left SR fraction had a fair chance to challenge the party leaders. 8 November (26 October) 1917: The Bolsheviks take control of the Winter Palace, the last remaining holdout of the Provisional Government. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies.A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. The Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd, which was stopped on 14 March [O.S. by means of revolution). According to Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitrii Volkogonov, the order came directly from Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow. The 1917 Russian Revolution was not, as many people suppose, one well organised event in which Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown and Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power. Established 25 July. Although the Tsar accepted the 1906 Fundamental State Laws one year later, he subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative. Although the Bolsheviks did not have extensive political experience, their portrayal of the revolution itself as both a political and symbolic order resulted in Communism's portrayal as a messianic faith, formally known as communist messianism. The Petrograd Soviet met in the Tauride Palace, the same building where the new government was taking shape. During this chaotic period, there were frequent mutinies, protests and strikes. Kerensky became head of the Provisional Government in July and put down a coup attempted by army commander in chief Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (according to some historians, Kerensky may have initially plotted with Kornilov in the hope of gaining control over the Petrograd Soviet). The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917 and concluding in 1923 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War. [19] Six days later, Nicholas, no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. Soviet Union – History – Revolution, 1917–1921. Dates are correct for the Julian calendar, which was used in Russia until 1918. But the Grand Duke realised that he would have little support as ruler, so he declined the crown on 16 March [O.S. Failed tsarist economic policies that caused food shortages, general dis-enchantment with the tsarist autocracy, a burgeoning and increasingly radical and revolutionary proletariat and intellectual class, proliferation of revolutionary journals and newspapers that advocated violent regime overthrow, hyper-inflation, and murderous peasant uprisings in the countryside are among the major precursors of the fir… The revolution erupted in the context of Russia's major military losses during the war, which resulted in much of the Russian Army being ready to mutiny. ", left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921. Many sections of the country had reason to be dissatisfied with the existing autocracy. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Previamente a 1917, el antiguo Imperio ruso se regía bajo un régimen zarista, autocrático y represivo desde hacía tres siglos cuando, en 1613, se instauró en el país la dinastía Románov.. La abolición de la servidumbre promulgada en 1861 por parte del zar Alejandro II fue la primera muestra de las fisuras del antiguo sistema feudal. It was hoped that they could equip themselves with arms recovered from fallen soldiers, of both sides, on the battlefields. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Several revolts were initiated against the Bolsheviks and their army near the end of the war, notably the Kronstadt Rebellion. October Revolution: 7–8 November (25–26 October) 1917. The 2,500 delegates to this soviet were chosen from factories and military units in and around Petrograd. They were led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. WADE (ISBN 9780521602426). Government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people's patience would last. Russia was backward, but not that backward, with a working class population of more than some 4-5% of the population. The tsar and other Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks after the revolution. 3 March],[17] stating that he would take it only if that was the consensus of democratic action. The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: the Soviet-Marxist view, the Western-Totalitarian view, and the Revisionist view. [29] Furthermore, the Bolshevik-controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the 13 provinces around Moscow. This non-elected provisional government faced the revolutionary situation and the growing mood against the war by avoiding elections to the state Duma. Nikolai Nikolaevich Sukhanov. Marx had envisioned European revolutions to be intertwined with Asian revolutions in the mid-19th century with his 1853 New York Tribune article, "Revolution in China and Europe," in which he references the Chinese as people in "revolutionary convulsion," brought about by British economic control. Daly, Jonathan and Leonid Trofimov, eds. Lenin did not have any direct role in the revolution and due to his personal security he was hiding. By some other historians' accounts, Lenin and his followers were unprepared for how their groundswell of support, especially among influential worker and soldier groups, would translate into real power in the summer of 1917. It completely changed the government and outlook on life in the very large country of Russia. The Chinese Communist Revolution began in 1946 and was part of the ongoing Chinese Civil War. In the early 20th century, the difference between these two calendars was 13 days, so the Julian (also called Old Style) dates October 24–25 correspond to the Gregorian dates November 6–7. [31] The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution, calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet. The Mensheviks largely maintained that Russia had the right to defend herself against Germany, although Julius Martov (a prominent Menshevik), now on the left of his group, demanded an end to the war and a settlement on the basis of national self-determination, with no annexations or indemnities. The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd. The Russian Revolution of 1917. A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. "Contemporary Russian Scholarship on the February Revolution in Petrograd: Some Centenary Observations. Though the Allied nations, using external interference, provided substantial military aid to the loosely knit anti-Bolshevik forces, they were ultimately defeated.[37]. A period of dual power ensued, during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of Soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower classes and, increasingly, the left-leaning urban middle class. The Russian Revolution was, while a huge economic, social, and political change, the result of a number of different factors that built up over time, including economic, military, […] International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire), Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire), Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire), Orlando Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history, Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org, Archival footage of the Russian Revolution // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Kevin Murphy's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution, Thanks to Trotsky, the 'insurrection' was bloodless, The Bolsheviks and workers' control: the state and counter-revolution - Maurice Brinton, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution&oldid=996431361, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The revolution took place in two stages. The Tsars of Russia were replaced first in February by a pair of co-existing revolutionary governments, one mainly liberal, one socialist, but after a period of confusion, a fringe socialist group lead by Lenin seized power in October and produced the world’s first socialist state. Novgorod Republic • Vladimir-Suzdal The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution, as the official term in the Soviet Union, the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution, the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. Among them, in order of release date: The Russian Revolution has been used as a direct backdrop for select video games. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These ideals were championed most vociferously by Russia's liberals, although populists, Marxists, and anarchists also claimed to support democratic reforms. [dubious – discuss] In response, he ordered troops to Petrograd to pacify the city. Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations led to the fall of autocracy. The Russian Empire’s many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination. p. cm. A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police, the Okhrana, in October 1916, warned bluntly of "the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence."[13]. However, he was increasingly unable to halt Russia’s slide into political, economic, and military chaos, and his party suffered a major split as the left wing broke from the Socialist Revolutionary Party. 22 February], workers at Putilov, Petrograd's largest industrial plant was closed by a strike. Sailors and soldiers, along with Petrograd workers, took to the streets in violent protest, calling for "all power to the Soviets". The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the Soviets and, as the supreme governing party, established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world's first socialist state, to practice soviet democracy on a national and international scale. In fact, this was precisely what was being created, though this "dual power" (dvoyevlastiye) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control, especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia's cities, factories, shops, barracks, villages, and in the trenches.[25]. This armed uprising was fought against the antagonizing Bolshevik economic policies that farmers were subjected to, including seizures of grain crops by the Communists. There were many encouragements to expect more from life. [27] In the aftermath, Lenin fled to Finland under threat of arrest while Trotsky, among other prominent Bolsheviks, was arrested. "Kornilov mutiny". There was a conflict between the provisional government and Soviet . This issue is subject to conflicting views on communist history by various Marxist groups and parties. The total number of killed and injured in clashes with the police and government troops in Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. Dec. 30, 2020. On 7 March [O.S. [53] Castro's movement sought "political democracy, political and economic nationalism, agrarian reform, industrialization, social security, and education. Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). Germany did not participate in the civil war as it surrendered to the Allied.[33]. Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread, sugar, meat, and other provisions, and lines lengthened massively for what remained. Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution. After taking over, the Bolsheviks promised 'peace, land, and bread' to the Russian people. At the Civil War's zenith, it is reported that upwards of 200,000 cases were investigated by approximately 200 tribunals. How to increase brand awareness through consistency; Dec. 11, 2020 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviets. The Russian Revolution was, while a huge economic, social, and political change, the result of a number of different factors that built up over time, including economic, military, […] The indirect reason was that the government, in order to finance the war, printed millions of ruble notes, and by 1917, inflation had made prices increase up to four times what they had been in 1914. In these soviets, “defeatist” sentiment, favouring Russian withdrawal from the war on almost any terms, was growing. 11. The paper, therefore, highlights the significance of the revolution to the country, Russia, its citizens, and the surrounding nations. The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma (parliament), that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917. In the autumn of 1915, Nicholas had taken direct command of the army, personally overseeing Russia's main theatre of war and leaving his ambitious but incapable wife Alexandra in charge of the government. With a firm belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right, Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty. Inflation dragged incomes down at an alarmingly rapid rate, and shortages made it difficult for an individual to sustain oneself. Nicholas believed in part that the shared peril and tribulation of a foreign war would mitigate the social unrest over the persistent issues of poverty, inequality, and inhumane working conditions. October Revolution, (Oct. 24–25 [Nov. 6–7, New Style], 1917), the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime. The Petrograd Mensheviks agreed to join despite the objections of their leaders abroad. L ike 1789, when the French Revolution erupted, 1917 has entered the lexicon of world-historical dates all educated citizens are expected to know and remember. ", Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg, Gatrell, Peter. The 1917 revolution that is regarded as one of the most important events to take place in Russia in the 20th century had a great significance and effect in the country. Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike, forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto, which established a democratically elected parliament (the State Duma). Centuries of harsh rule under the tsars , or emperors, of Russia came to an end with the Russian Revolution of 1917. [43] These tribunals established themselves more so from the Cheka as a more moderate force that acted under the banner of revolutionary justice, rather than a utilizer of strict brute force as the former did. They also established Soviet power in the newly independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine. The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could, in fact, mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution – the Petrograd Soviet Council of Workers' Deputies. It was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century. [2] While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed, and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested, this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the lead up to 1917. Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, until 13 October. Within an overall narrative that provides a clear description of the 1917 revolution, he introduces several new approaches on its political history and complexity. The first revolution was on 8 March 1917, but in Russia it was recorded as 28 February 1917. Kerensky’s attempt to organize resistance proved futile, and he fled the country. [nb 1], Workers also had good reasons for discontent: overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions, long hours at work (on the eve of the war, a 10-hour workday six days a week was the average and many were working 11–12 hours a day by 1916), constant risk of injury and death from poor safety and sanitary conditions, harsh discipline (not only rules and fines, but foremen's fists), and inadequate wages (made worse after 1914 by steep wartime increases in the cost of living). All this activity gave renewed encouragement to political ambitions, and in September 1915, a combination of Octobrists and Kadets in the Duma demanded the forming of a responsible government, which the Tsar rejected. [14] The next day, a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa (Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland) by Erkki Wessmann. (July 1972). While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked. However, Austro-Hungarian forces allied to Germany were driven back deep into the Galicia region by the end of the year. In 1917, two revolutions completely changed the fabric of Russia. The center-left was well represented, and the government was initially chaired by a liberal aristocrat, Prince Georgy Yevgenievich Lvov, a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party (KD). Russia consisted mainly of poor farming peasants and substantial inequality of land ownership, with 1.5% of the population owning 25% of the land. Liberal parties too had an increased platform to voice their complaints, as the initial fervor of the war resulted in the Tsarist government creating a variety of political organizations. World War I added to the chaos. The Russian Revolution is the collective term for the two revolutions that took place in 1917 in Petrograd. The revolution began when a number of workers decided to strike. It overthrew the imperial government. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. The 1905 revolution had failed to bring down the Tsar. By September the Bolsheviks and their allies, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, had overtaken the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks and held majorities in both the Petrograd and Moscow soviets. 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