Russian Revolution timeline 1917. speech in reconvened Duma. The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. The revolution took place in two stages. There were many encouragements to expect more from life. Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations led to the fall of autocracy. Inevitably Vladimir Lenin, supported by Zinoviev and Radek, strongly contested them. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire), Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire), Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire), Orlando Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history, Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org, Archival footage of the Russian Revolution // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Kevin Murphy's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution, Thanks to Trotsky, the 'insurrection' was bloodless, The Bolsheviks and workers' control: the state and counter-revolution - Maurice Brinton, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution&oldid=996431361, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Change was facilitated by the physical movement of growing numbers of peasant villagers who migrated to and from industrial and urban environments, but also by the introduction of city culture into the village through material goods, the press, and word of mouth. III. Soldiers went hungry, lacked shoes, munitions, and even weapons. [59] Since the fall of Communism (and the USSR) in Russia in 1991, the Western-Totalitarian view has again become dominant and the Soviet-Marxist view has practically vanished. Nicholas II was a deeply conservative ruler and maintained a strict authoritarian system. [49] Leon Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world revolution. Although the Bolsheviks did not have extensive political experience, their portrayal of the revolution itself as both a political and symbolic order resulted in Communism's portrayal as a messianic faith, formally known as communist messianism. Though the Allied nations, using external interference, provided substantial military aid to the loosely knit anti-Bolshevik forces, they were ultimately defeated.[37]. Farmers were consequently faced with a higher cost of living, but with little increase in income. The events of the revolution were a direct result of the growing conflict in World War I, but the significance of an empire collapsing and a people rising up extends beyond the war effort. The poor conditions only aggravated the situation, with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. Lenin had consolidated the principle of state penetration of the whole society, its economy and its culture. The October Revolution saw Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks seize power at the expense of more moderate social democrats (Mensheviks) and conservative “Whites.” Russia’s former allies, who were still fighting in World War I, soon identified the Bolsheviks as a threat equal to that of Germany, and they dispatched troops to Russia. All this activity gave renewed encouragement to political ambitions, and in September 1915, a combination of Octobrists and Kadets in the Duma demanded the forming of a responsible government, which the Tsar rejected. They met in the same building as the emerging Provisional Government not to compete with the Duma Committee for state power, but to best exert pressure on the new government, to act, in other words, as a popular democratic lobby. Since early 1917, Russia had been in a state of turmoil. Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies, including food and munitions, but holds onto. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917. In fact, this was precisely what was being created, though this "dual power" (dvoyevlastiye) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control, especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia's cities, factories, shops, barracks, villages, and in the trenches.[25]. Growing numbers of socialists and lower-class Russians viewed the government less as a force in support of their needs and interests. Largely a bloodless transfer of power from the Tsar, the regime that came into being was an alliance between liberals and socialistswho wanted to instigate political reform, create a democratically elected executive and constituent assembly. That the order came from the top has long been believed, although there is a lack of hard evidence. [28] Previously, the Bolsheviks had been in the minority in the two leading cities of Russia—St. [45] In early March, the Provisional Government placed Nicholas and his family under house arrest in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Petrograd. The paper, therefore, highlights the significance of the revolution to the country, Russia, its citizens, and the surrounding nations. [35][36], The Russian Civil War, which broke out in 1918 shortly after the October Revolution, resulted in the deaths and suffering of millions of people regardless of their political orientation. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world. This, in part, triggered the political transition of the October Revolution and the Civil War that followed in its aftermath. The first government was composed entirely of liberal ministers, with the exception of the Socialist Revolutionary Aleksandr F. Kerensky. [5], It was these views of Martov that predominated in a manifesto drawn up by Leon Trotsky (at the time a Menshevik) at a conference in Zimmerwald, attended by 35 Socialist leaders in September 1915. Orlando Figes. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. ", Warth, Robert D. "On the Historiography of the Russian Revolution. by means of revolution). Many Bolsheviks, however, had supported the Provisional Government, including Lev Kamenev.[26]. [15] By 10 March [O.S. Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive. [24], The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917. Food scarcity had become a considerable problem in Russia, but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests, which had not been significantly altered during wartime. Thus the cities were constantly short of food. The Russian Revolution: An Introduction. On 27 February, socialist Duma deputies, mainly Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, took the lead in organizing a citywide council. Czar Nicholas was ruling in Russia at the time. He did so on 15 March [O.S. These events are referred to collectively as the Russian Revolution. First, the February Russian Revolution toppled the Russian monarchy and established a Provisional Government. It is possible the left SR had a good chance to reach more than 25% of the votes and thereby legitimate the October revolution but we can only guess. Religious faith helped bind all of these tenets together as a source of comfort and reassurance in the face of difficult conditions and as a means of political authority exercised through the clergy. In the early 20th century, the difference between these two calendars was 13 days, so the Julian (also called Old Style) dates October 24–25 correspond to the Gregorian dates November 6–7. • Russia´s participation in the First World War caused more discontent and protests because Russian soldiers did not have enough food or military equipment. The Allies could not agree on their aims in Russia, however, and Lenin took advantage of their war-weariness. Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). In addition, Tsarina Alexandra, left to rule in while the Tsar commanded at the front, was German born, leading to suspicion of collusion, only to be exacerbated by rumors relating to her relationship with the controversial mystic Grigori Rasputin. [39] This all amounted to large-scale discontent. The soldiers refused to follow the new orders. Over the course of the spring, public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war, in particular among workers, soldiers and peasants, pushed these groups to radical parties. Lenin had practised terror and advocated revolutionary amoralism."[62]. What was Russia like before the First World War? [14] The next day, a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. [19] Six days later, Nicholas, no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. 22 February], workers at Putilov, Petrograd's largest industrial plant was closed by a strike. The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia. …but this was not accepted by everyone. Kerensky became head of the Provisional Government in July and put down a coup attempted by army commander in chief Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (according to some historians, Kerensky may have initially plotted with Kornilov in the hope of gaining control over the Petrograd Soviet). World War I added to the chaos. Revolutionary tribunals were present during both the Revolution and the Civil War, intended for the purpose of combatting forces of counter-revolution. Russian Revolution: November Revolution of 1917 Even after the formation of the Provisional Government in Russia , There was no stability or equilibrium anywhere. ", left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921. "[58] Since the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, Vietnam has remained a communist country. The Mensheviks largely maintained that Russia had the right to defend herself against Germany, although Julius Martov (a prominent Menshevik), now on the left of his group, demanded an end to the war and a settlement on the basis of national self-determination, with no annexations or indemnities. Russian Revolution of 1917 was a response & reaction to the evils of the Czarist regime. The superior German Army – better led, better trained, and better supplied – was quite effective against the ill-equipped Russian forces, driving the Russians out of Galicia, as well as Russian Poland during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive campaign. These men, usually of peasant or working-class backgrounds, were to play a large role in the politicization of the troops in 1917. Here's why it's taken a century for the world to see the Russian Revolution of 1917 clearly, as Sean McMeekin argues in his new book. Politically, the people of Russia resented the autocracy of Tsar Nicholas II and the corrupt and anachronistic elements in his government. A series of political crises – see the chronology below – in the relationship between population and government and between the Provisional Government and the Soviets (which developed into a nationwide movement with a national leadership). It describes the dictator Joseph Stalin as a big Berkshire boar named, "Napoleon." Ranking among the most transformative political events of the 20th century, it toppled the monarchy in Russia, drew the line to the reign of the royal Romanovs, and resulted in the exaltation of the Soviet Union, the world’s first communist country. The 1905 revolution had failed to bring down the Tsar. In 1917 Russia was convulsed by two major seizures of power. The July Days confirmed the popularity of the anti-war, radical Bolsheviks, but their unpreparedness at the moment of revolt was an embarrassing gaffe that lost them support among their main constituent groups: soldiers and workers. Congress approves transfer of state authority into its own hands and local power into the hands of local Soviets of workers', soldiers', and peasants' deputies, abolishes capital punishment, issues. Soon after, civil war erupted among the "Reds" (Bolsheviks), the "Whites" (counter-revolutionaries), the independence movements, and other socialist factions opposed to the Bolsheviks. This was particularly apparent in the cities, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. It was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century. Dates are correct for the Julian calendar, which was used in Russia until 1918. The revolution erupted in the context of Russia's major military losses during the war, which resulted in much of the Russian Army being ready to mutiny. From the February Revolution to the July Days. In 1917, two revolutions completely changed the fabric of Russia. He campaigned for an immediate end of Russia's participation in the war, granting land to the peasants, and providing bread to the urban workers. Although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war, hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government.[9][10][11]. Blog. Read More. Dec. 30, 2020. All that now prevented the Petrograd Soviet from openly declaring itself the real government of Russia was fear of provoking a conservative coup. [5], All these factors had given rise to a sharp loss of confidence in the regime, even within the ruling class, growing throughout the war. 11. The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte's land reforms of the early 20th century. The Soviet soon proved that it had greater authority than the Provisional Government, which sought to continue Russia’s participation in the European war. Critics on the Right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via their key agent, Alexander Parvus was a key component as well, though historians are divided, since there is little evidence supporting that claim. His seven-volume book, first published in 1922, was suppressed under Stalin. See Russian Revolution of 22. ", V. I. Lenin, "State and Revolution" contained in the, V. I. Lenin, "The Bolsheviks Must Assume Power" contained in the, William A. Dando, "A Map of the Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917. On the way to Russia, Lenin prepared the April Theses, which outlined central Bolshevik policies. The 1917 revolution that is regarded as one of the most important events to take place in Russia in the 20th century had a great significance and effect in the country. None of these incidents were in themselves the immediate cause of the February Revolution, but they do help to explain why the monarchy survived only a few days after it had broken out. Everything you need to know about the Russian Revolution in a 13 min video. Sailors and soldiers, along with Petrograd workers, took to the streets in violent protest, calling for "all power to the Soviets". Heavy military losses were being suffered on the front. One reason was that radical socialists increasingly dominated the soviet movement. Rasputin's influence led to disastrous ministerial appointments and corruption, resulting in a worsening of conditions within Russia. Major recent works that examine themes discussed above (and can serve as a guide to older scholarship) Christine Worobec, Among the many scholarly works on Russian workers, see especially. For the sake of…, While Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey all survived their crises of 1917 and found the will and stamina for one last year of war, Russia succumbed. The war did not only devastate soldiers. Nicholas ignored these warnings and Russia's Tsarist regime collapsed a few months later during the February Revolution of 1917. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviets. The soldiers were dissatisfied and demoralised and had started to defect. One of the Tsar's principal rationales for risking war in 1914 was his desire to restore the prestige that Russia had lost amid the debacles of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Although return to Russia had become a possibility, the war made it logistically difficult. It was hoped that they could equip themselves with arms recovered from fallen soldiers, of both sides, on the battlefields. Between March and October the Provisional Government was reorganized four times. Russian society before the Revolutions of 1917 is explained by Vladimir Unkovski-Korica. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most significant events in the 20 th century. The indirect reason was that the government, in order to finance the war, printed millions of ruble notes, and by 1917, inflation had made prices increase up to four times what they had been in 1914. Inflation dragged incomes down at an alarmingly rapid rate, and shortages made it difficult for an individual to sustain oneself. The Bolshevik Central Committee declares that “an armed uprising is inevitable”. Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa (Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland) by Erkki Wessmann. One of these is that the Government can bend peoples thoughts to any purpose. ", Duiker, William J. However, Austro-Hungarian forces allied to Germany were driven back deep into the Galicia region by the end of the year. ", Tereshchuk, Andrei V. "The Last Autocrat Reassessing Nicholas II", Wade, Rex A. Despite constant oppression, the desire of the people for democratic participation in government decisions was strong. Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov inspecting Russian troops, 1917. The Russian Empire was an agglomeration of diverse ethnicities that had demonstrated significant signs of disunity in the years before the First World War. (July 1972). The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies.A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918. Author of the only full-length eyewitness account of the 1917 Revolution, Sukhanov was a key figure in the first revolutionary Government. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism. Castro's 26th of July Movement and Cuban Revolution followed in the footsteps of the Sergeant's Revolt in Cuba in 1933, similarly to how the 1905 Revolution in Russia preceded the October Revolution. [40] The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries, a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin, but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army. [nb 1], Workers also had good reasons for discontent: overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions, long hours at work (on the eve of the war, a 10-hour workday six days a week was the average and many were working 11–12 hours a day by 1916), constant risk of injury and death from poor safety and sanitary conditions, harsh discipline (not only rules and fines, but foremen's fists), and inadequate wages (made worse after 1914 by steep wartime increases in the cost of living). But the Grand Duke realised that he would have little support as ruler, so he declined the crown on 16 March [O.S. Russia's first major battle of the war was a disaster; in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured, while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties. 5 talking about this. In the end, it gave the Russian people an entirely new form of government. In one 1904 survey, it was found that an average of 16 people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg, with six people per room. The revolution began when a number of workers decided to strike. THE REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1917 • What are the causes of the revolution of 1917? For the revolution of 1905, see, Chronology of events leading to the revolution. But it had shown the Tsar that he lacked a stable constituency. Failed tsarist economic policies that caused food shortages, general dis-enchantment with the tsarist autocracy, a burgeoning and increasingly radical and revolutionary proletariat and intellectual class, proliferation of revolutionary journals and newspapers that advocated violent regime overthrow, hyper-inflation, and murderous peasant uprisings in the countryside are among the major precursors of the fir… Official Soviet demonstration in Petrograd for unity is unexpectedly dominated by Bolshevik slogans: "Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers", "All Power to the Soviets". In addition, the so-called "Green Army" (peasants defending their property against the opposing forces) played a secondary role in the war, mainly in the Ukraine. French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments' war efforts. On March 1 (March 14) the Soviet issued its famous Order No. Serious defeats, Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief. Due to the fact that both France and Japan were engaged in World War II, the Vietnamese people realized an opportunity to engage in an uprising, resulting in the bloody August Insurrection, ending colonial rule in Vietnam. Author of the only full-length eyewitness account of the 1917 Revolution, Sukhanov was a key figure in the first revolutionary Government. One interpretation of the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War is "America had lost a guerrilla war in Asia, a loss of caused by failure to appreciate the nuances of counterinsurgency war. Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution. Higher cost of living, but holds onto Revolution '' defeatist ” sentiment, Russian! Few events in the October Revolution put the radical left-wing Bolsheviks in power among was... 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